Suchergebnisse

Many Japanese local governments introduced New Public Management (NPM) in the mid/late nineties. Most of them introduced performance measurement, programme evaluation, customer satisfaction surveys, outsourcing and/or contracting out to the private sector, revision of public service delivery, PFI, and PPP (Kudo, 2003). Local public services have been mostly outsourced to private and social sectors.After a decade of these experiences, some municipalities have started to distance themselves from the NPM-driven managerial style. After monitoring and evaluating their performance and considering customer satisfaction, some decided not to renew contracts to their private partners, to bring the service back to public administration, or to introduce new forms of collaboration between public and private sectors, mainly based on proposals from the private sector.The author has been taking part in a research group, which previously surveyed the financial situation of Japanese local governments and their managerial choices (Kudo, 2010) and recently conducted an extensive survey among municipalities to see if they were either in favour of NPM oriented managerial styles or if they were introducing New Public Governance (NPG) oriented (Osborne, 2006; Bovaird, 2007) approaches. Some ways to understand this shift are: 1) putting more importance on citizen participation than cost cutting; 2) preference of PPP to simple outsourcing; and 3) consideration of political accountability (Bakvis and Jarvis, 2012) in administrative implementations. The questioners turn to mayors and financial directors to understand the political as well as economic influences on these choices.The results of the survey and some interviews conducted with mayors and public servants show that some municipalities have shifted from NPM-driven management to public service delivery based on NPG (Pestoff, 2011), although they are rarely aware of the theoretical transition. The examples are small in number, and do not necessary confirm the theoretical framework of public service delivery under NPG (Hartley, 2005), since the reasons of these shifts vary among municipalities.The experiences of Japanese local government would make an interesting lesson for many countries with late introduction of NPM. Japanese NPM demonstrates several characteristics: 1) its NPM has been introduced with some elements of public governance without being recognised; 2) very strong and still dominant attention on NPM; and 3) less attention on NPG, since NPM results in self-reform and learning process of public servants, especially at the local level (Kudo, 2010). The paper analyses the results of the survey in relation to the Japanese literatures on public governance.

As the cases of public sector reform and e-government projects have shown, e-government can play a role in public sector reform. The article describes Italian and Japanese e-government policy and its status, focusing on the issues raised by the government and by the public. Both countries have implemented series of political and administrative reforms in order to improve accountability. NPM reforms utilize various strategies to manage public policies, and e-government is a public policy that directly affects other policies and leads to radical and structural changes. Its characteristics as public policy are different from those of other policies, especially in relation to public accountability.

This article tries to describe Japanese npm (New Public Management) from two opposite poles: from the national legislative framework and from an experimental example in local government. Since the late 1990s, although npm was developed from Anglo-Saxon experiences, it has been implemented in Japan at the national level in a unique manner. The crisis in public finance, the urgent need for public sector reform and political instability led to two extreme options: self-reform by the bureaucracy itself; and citizen empowerment resulting inpressure on the bureaucracy. While the second one has been struggling to obtain public consensus, expertise for its practice and institutionalization, the first has resulted, to a certain extent, in the reorganization and restructuring of administrative institutions andin the establishment of both a legal framework and an operational system for measuring performance and evaluating policy.

Die Rolle japanischer Kommunen in der Gesetzlichen Pflegeversicherung.-Zuständigkeiten der deutschen Kommunen auf dem Gebiet der Langzeitpflege – aktuelle Lage und Probleme -- Die Rolle der Kommunen - zusammenführende Kommentierung.-Japans "Comprehensive Community Based Care System" – Anmerkungen aus deutscher Sicht -- Die häusliche Pflege älterer Menschen in Deutschland – eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Herausforderung -- Neue Gemeinschaften und neue Rollenverteilung in der japanischen Demenzversorgung - Beispiele guter Praxis.-Die Platinum Society - ein "Rundum-Win-Win-Modell" für eine alternde Gesellschaft -- Freiwilliges Engagement älterer Menschen in Deutschland -- Zivilgesellschaft und Inklusion - zusammenführende Kommentierung -- Pflegepersonalmangel in Japan – die Rolle älterer und ausländischer Pflegekräfte -- Zur Situation der Pflegekräfte in Deutschland - Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze -- Wertschätzung und Unterstützung pflegender Familienangehöriger in Japan -- Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Erwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland – Stand und Perspektiven -- Pflegekräftemangel - zusammenführende Kommentierung -- Innovative Pflegesysteme und Technologien für stark gealterte Gesellschaften - Neugestaltung der gesundheitlichen, medizinischen und pflegerischen Versorgung in Japan -- Robotik zur Unterstützung von Menschen im häuslichen Alltag -- Autonomie und Selbstbestimmung im Kontext von Community Care - die Bedeutung des sozialen Raums und technischer Assistenzsysteme -- Partizipative Technologieentwicklung - nutzerorientierte Innovationen -- Digitale Technologien - zusammenführende Kommentierung -- Pflege und Unterstützung älterer Menschen in Zeiten von Covid 19 - nationale und kommunale Perspektiven -- Die Corona-Pandemie im Kontext einer alternden Bevölkerung – Kommunale Selbstverwaltung auf dem Prüfstand.

Die Beiträge in diesem Open-Access-Sammelband beschreiben und analysieren aus multidisziplinärer Sicht die Herausforderungen und Bewältigungsstrategien von Alterung und Pflege in japanischen und deutschen Gemeinden. Thematisiert werden rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen, zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement, Pflegekräftemangel, Technologiekonzepte für die Pflege und schließlich auch der Einfluss der Covid-19 Pandemie auf die Situation älterer und pflegebedürftiger Bürgerinnen und Bürger. Die Gegenüberstellung der Ansätze und Erfahrungen beider Länder erweitert das Spektrum an Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und kann Impulse für eine Neuausrichtung bestehender Lösungsstrategien geben.